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Claude Sonnet 3.5 - Fill-in: jinja

Failed to run pytests for test tests

ImportError while loading conftest '/testbed/tests/conftest.py'.
tests/conftest.py:5: in <module>
    from jinja2 import loaders
src/jinja2/__init__.py:9: in <module>
    from .environment import Environment as Environment
src/jinja2/environment.py:14: in <module>
    from . import nodes
src/jinja2/nodes.py:798: in <module>
    NodeType.__new__ = staticmethod(_failing_new)
E   NameError: name '_failing_new' is not defined

Patch diff

diff --git a/src/jinja2/bccache.py b/src/jinja2/bccache.py
index ae575a3..f289af9 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/bccache.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/bccache.py
@@ -47,23 +47,28 @@ class Bucket:

     def reset(self) ->None:
         """Resets the bucket (unloads the bytecode)."""
-        pass
+        self.code = None

     def load_bytecode(self, f: t.BinaryIO) ->None:
         """Loads bytecode from a file or file like object."""
-        pass
+        code = marshal.load(f)
+        if isinstance(code, CodeType):
+            self.code = code

     def write_bytecode(self, f: t.IO[bytes]) ->None:
         """Dump the bytecode into the file or file like object passed."""
-        pass
+        if self.code is not None:
+            marshal.dump(self.code, f)

     def bytecode_from_string(self, string: bytes) ->None:
         """Load bytecode from bytes."""
-        pass
+        self.load_bytecode(BytesIO(string))

     def bytecode_to_string(self) ->bytes:
         """Return the bytecode as bytes."""
-        pass
+        out = BytesIO()
+        self.write_bytecode(out)
+        return out.getvalue()


 class BytecodeCache:
@@ -100,44 +105,75 @@ class BytecodeCache:
         bucket.  If they are not able to find code in the cache for the
         bucket, it must not do anything.
         """
-        pass
+        raise NotImplementedError()

     def dump_bytecode(self, bucket: Bucket) ->None:
         """Subclasses have to override this method to write the bytecode
         from a bucket back to the cache.  If it unable to do so it must not
         fail silently but raise an exception.
         """
-        pass
+        raise NotImplementedError()

     def clear(self) ->None:
         """Clears the cache.  This method is not used by Jinja but should be
         implemented to allow applications to clear the bytecode cache used
         by a particular environment.
         """
-        pass
+        raise NotImplementedError()

     def get_cache_key(self, name: str, filename: t.Optional[t.Union[str]]=None
         ) ->str:
         """Returns the unique hash key for this template name."""
-        pass
+        return sha1(f"{name}|{filename}".encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()

     def get_source_checksum(self, source: str) ->str:
         """Returns a checksum for the source."""
-        pass
+        return sha1(source.encode("utf-8")).hexdigest()

     def get_bucket(self, environment: 'Environment', name: str, filename: t
         .Optional[str], source: str) ->Bucket:
         """Return a cache bucket for the given template.  All arguments are
         mandatory but filename may be `None`.
         """
-        pass
+        key = self.get_cache_key(name, filename)
+        checksum = self.get_source_checksum(source)
+        bucket = Bucket(environment, key, checksum)
+        self.load_bytecode(bucket)
+        return bucket

     def set_bucket(self, bucket: Bucket) ->None:
         """Put the bucket into the cache."""
-        pass
+        self.dump_bytecode(bucket)


 class FileSystemBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
+
+    def _get_cache_filename(self, bucket: Bucket) ->str:
+        return os.path.join(self.directory, self.pattern % bucket.key)
+
+    def load_bytecode(self, bucket: Bucket) ->None:
+        filename = self._get_cache_filename(bucket)
+        try:
+            with open(filename, 'rb') as f:
+                bucket.load_bytecode(f)
+        except OSError:
+            return
+
+    def dump_bytecode(self, bucket: Bucket) ->None:
+        filename = self._get_cache_filename(bucket)
+        try:
+            with open(filename, 'wb') as f:
+                bucket.write_bytecode(f)
+        except OSError as e:
+            raise RuntimeError(f"Unable to write bytecode file: {e}")
+
+    def clear(self) ->None:
+        for filename in os.listdir(self.directory):
+            if fnmatch.fnmatch(filename, self.pattern % '*'):
+                try:
+                    os.remove(os.path.join(self.directory, filename))
+                except OSError:
+                    pass
     """A bytecode cache that stores bytecode on the filesystem.  It accepts
     two arguments: The directory where the cache items are stored and a
     pattern string that is used to build the filename.
@@ -161,6 +197,18 @@ class FileSystemBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
             directory = self._get_default_cache_dir()
         self.directory = directory
         self.pattern = pattern
+        
+        try:
+            os.makedirs(self.directory)
+        except OSError as e:
+            if e.errno != errno.EEXIST:
+                raise
+
+    def _get_default_cache_dir(self) ->str:
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            return os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), 'jinja2_cache')
+        else:
+            return os.path.join(tempfile.gettempdir(), f'jinja2_cache_{os.getuid()}')


 class MemcachedBytecodeCache(BytecodeCache):
diff --git a/src/jinja2/compiler.py b/src/jinja2/compiler.py
index 32df45a..7b0a4c3 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/compiler.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/compiler.py
@@ -31,12 +31,16 @@ def generate(node: nodes.Template, environment: 'Environment', name: t.
     Optional[str], filename: t.Optional[str], stream: t.Optional[t.TextIO]=
     None, defer_init: bool=False, optimized: bool=True) ->t.Optional[str]:
     """Generate the python source for a node tree."""
-    pass
+    codegen = CodeGenerator(environment, name, filename, stream, defer_init, optimized)
+    codegen.visit(node)
+    if stream is None:
+        return codegen.stream.getvalue()
+    return None


 def has_safe_repr(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Does the node have a safe representation?"""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, (bool, int, float, str, tuple, frozenset))


 def find_undeclared(nodes: t.Iterable[nodes.Node], names: t.Iterable[str]
@@ -44,7 +48,13 @@ def find_undeclared(nodes: t.Iterable[nodes.Node], names: t.Iterable[str]
     """Check if the names passed are accessed undeclared.  The return value
     is a set of all the undeclared names from the sequence of names found.
     """
-    pass
+    visitor = UndeclaredNameVisitor(names)
+    try:
+        for node in nodes:
+            visitor.visit(node)
+    except VisitorExit:
+        pass
+    return visitor.undeclared


 class MacroRef:
@@ -81,11 +91,21 @@ class Frame:

     def copy(self) ->'Frame':
         """Create a copy of the current one."""
-        pass
+        rv = object.__new__(self.__class__)
+        rv.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        rv.symbols = self.symbols.copy()
+        return rv

     def inner(self, isolated: bool=False) ->'Frame':
         """Return an inner frame."""
-        pass
+        rv = self.copy()
+        if isolated:
+            rv.symbols = Symbols(parent=rv.symbols)
+        rv.block_frame = False
+        rv.loop_frame = False
+        rv.toplevel = False
+        rv.rootlevel = False
+        return rv

     def soft(self) ->'Frame':
         """Return a soft frame.  A soft frame may not be modified as
@@ -95,7 +115,11 @@ class Frame:
         This is only used to implement if-statements and conditional
         expressions.
         """
-        pass
+        rv = self.copy()
+        rv.toplevel = False
+        rv.rootlevel = False
+        rv.soft_frame = True
+        return rv
     __copy__ = copy


@@ -112,8 +136,7 @@ class DependencyFinderVisitor(NodeVisitor):

     def visit_Block(self, node: nodes.Block) ->None:
         """Stop visiting at blocks."""
-        pass
-
+        return

 class UndeclaredNameVisitor(NodeVisitor):
     """A visitor that checks if a name is accessed without being
@@ -125,9 +148,15 @@ class UndeclaredNameVisitor(NodeVisitor):
         self.names = set(names)
         self.undeclared: t.Set[str] = set()

+    def visit_Name(self, node: nodes.Name) ->None:
+        if node.name in self.names:
+            self.undeclared.add(node.name)
+            if len(self.undeclared) == len(self.names):
+                raise VisitorExit()
+
     def visit_Block(self, node: nodes.Block) ->None:
         """Stop visiting a blocks."""
-        pass
+        return


 class CompilerExit(Exception):
diff --git a/src/jinja2/debug.py b/src/jinja2/debug.py
index 412f2c2..25c184f 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/debug.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/debug.py
@@ -20,7 +20,37 @@ def rewrite_traceback_stack(source: t.Optional[str]=None) ->BaseException:
         known.
     :return: The original exception with the rewritten traceback.
     """
-    pass
+    exc_type, exc_value, tb = sys.exc_info()
+    if exc_type is None:
+        raise RuntimeError("No exception is currently being handled")
+
+    if isinstance(exc_value, TemplateSyntaxError) and source is not None:
+        exc_value.source = source
+
+    new_tb = None
+    template_frame = None
+
+    for frame in reversed(list(iter_tb(tb))):
+        if internal_code(frame.tb_frame.f_code):
+            continue
+
+        if template_frame is None:
+            template_frame = frame
+
+        new_tb = fake_traceback(
+            exc_value,
+            frame,
+            frame.tb_frame.f_code.co_filename,
+            frame.tb_frame.f_lineno,
+        )
+
+    if new_tb is None:
+        return exc_value
+
+    if template_frame is not None:
+        exc_value.__traceback__ = new_tb
+
+    return exc_value


 def fake_traceback(exc_value: BaseException, tb: t.Optional[TracebackType],
@@ -37,7 +67,43 @@ def fake_traceback(exc_value: BaseException, tb: t.Optional[TracebackType],
     :param filename: The template filename.
     :param lineno: The line number in the template source.
     """
-    pass
+    if tb is None:
+        raise exc_value
+
+    code = tb.tb_frame.f_code
+    locals = get_template_locals(tb.tb_frame.f_locals)
+
+    # Create a new code object with the template filename and line number
+    new_code = CodeType(
+        code.co_argcount,
+        code.co_kwonlyargcount,
+        code.co_nlocals,
+        code.co_stacksize,
+        code.co_flags,
+        code.co_code,
+        code.co_consts,
+        code.co_names,
+        code.co_varnames,
+        filename,
+        code.co_name,
+        lineno,
+        code.co_lnotab,
+        code.co_freevars,
+        code.co_cellvars
+    )
+
+    # Create a new frame with the new code object and locals
+    fake_frame = tb.tb_frame.__class__(new_code, tb.tb_frame.f_globals, locals)
+    fake_frame.f_lineno = lineno
+
+    # Create a new traceback object
+    return TracebackType(
+        tb=None,
+        tb_next=tb.tb_next,
+        tb_frame=fake_frame,
+        tb_lasti=tb.tb_lasti,
+        tb_lineno=lineno
+    )


 def get_template_locals(real_locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) ->t.Dict[str, t.Any
@@ -45,4 +111,13 @@ def get_template_locals(real_locals: t.Mapping[str, t.Any]) ->t.Dict[str, t.Any
     """Based on the runtime locals, get the context that would be
     available at that point in the template.
     """
-    pass
+    ctx = real_locals.get('context')
+    if ctx is None or not isinstance(ctx, Context):
+        return {}
+
+    locals = {}
+    for key, value in ctx.items():
+        if not key.startswith('_'):
+            locals[key] = value
+
+    return locals
diff --git a/src/jinja2/environment.py b/src/jinja2/environment.py
index aae9f98..f21e599 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/environment.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/environment.py
@@ -68,19 +68,28 @@ def get_spontaneous_environment(cls: t.Type[_env_bound], *args: t.Any
     :param cls: Environment class to create.
     :param args: Positional arguments passed to environment.
     """
-    pass
+    return cls(*args)


 def create_cache(size: int) ->t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[t.Tuple[
     'weakref.ref[t.Any]', str], 'Template']]:
     """Return the cache class for the given size."""
-    pass
+    if size == 0:
+        return None
+    if size < 0:
+        return {}
+    return LRUCache(size)


 def copy_cache(cache: t.Optional[t.MutableMapping[t.Any, t.Any]]) ->t.Optional[
     t.MutableMapping[t.Tuple['weakref.ref[t.Any]', str], 'Template']]:
     """Create an empty copy of the given cache."""
-    pass
+    if cache is None:
+        return None
+    elif isinstance(cache, LRUCache):
+        return LRUCache(cache.capacity)
+    else:
+        return {}


 def load_extensions(environment: 'Environment', extensions: t.Sequence[t.
@@ -88,12 +97,39 @@ def load_extensions(environment: 'Environment', extensions: t.Sequence[t.
     """Load the extensions from the list and bind it to the environment.
     Returns a dict of instantiated extensions.
     """
-    pass
+    result = {}
+    for extension in extensions:
+        if isinstance(extension, str):
+            extension = import_string(extension)
+        if isinstance(extension, type):
+            extension = extension(environment)
+        result[extension.identifier] = extension
+    return result


 def _environment_config_check(environment: 'Environment') ->'Environment':
     """Perform a sanity check on the environment."""
-    pass
+    if not isinstance(environment.block_start_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('block_start_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.block_end_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('block_end_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.variable_start_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('variable_start_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.variable_end_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('variable_end_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.comment_start_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('comment_start_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.comment_end_string, str):
+        raise TypeError('comment_end_string must be a string')
+    if not isinstance(environment.line_statement_prefix, (str, type(None))):
+        raise TypeError('line_statement_prefix must be a string or None')
+    if not isinstance(environment.line_comment_prefix, (str, type(None))):
+        raise TypeError('line_comment_prefix must be a string or None')
+    if not isinstance(environment.trim_blocks, bool):
+        raise TypeError('trim_blocks must be a boolean')
+    if not isinstance(environment.lstrip_blocks, bool):
+        raise TypeError('lstrip_blocks must be a boolean')
+    return environment


 class Environment:
diff --git a/src/jinja2/ext.py b/src/jinja2/ext.py
index 337f30c..b196010 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/ext.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/ext.py
@@ -62,7 +62,9 @@ class Extension:

     def bind(self, environment: Environment) ->'Extension':
         """Create a copy of this extension bound to another environment."""
-        pass
+        new_ext = type(self)(environment)
+        new_ext.__dict__.update(self.__dict__)
+        return new_ext

     def preprocess(self, source: str, name: t.Optional[str], filename: t.
         Optional[str]=None) ->str:
@@ -70,7 +72,7 @@ class Extension:
         preprocess the source.  The `filename` is optional.  The return value
         must be the preprocessed source.
         """
-        pass
+        return source

     def filter_stream(self, stream: 'TokenStream') ->t.Union['TokenStream',
         t.Iterable['Token']]:
@@ -79,7 +81,7 @@ class Extension:
         :class:`~jinja2.lexer.Token`\\s, but it doesn't have to return a
         :class:`~jinja2.lexer.TokenStream`.
         """
-        pass
+        return stream

     def parse(self, parser: 'Parser') ->t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]
         ]:
@@ -88,7 +90,7 @@ class Extension:
         is the name token that matched.  This method has to return one or a
         list of multiple nodes.
         """
-        pass
+        raise NotImplementedError(f"parse method not implemented for {self.__class__.__name__}")

     def attr(self, name: str, lineno: t.Optional[int]=None
         ) ->nodes.ExtensionAttribute:
@@ -99,7 +101,7 @@ class Extension:

             self.attr('_my_attribute', lineno=lineno)
         """
-        pass
+        return nodes.ExtensionAttribute(self.identifier, name, lineno=lineno)

     def call_method(self, name: str, args: t.Optional[t.List[nodes.Expr]]=
         None, kwargs: t.Optional[t.List[nodes.Keyword]]=None, dyn_args: t.
@@ -108,7 +110,12 @@ class Extension:
         """Call a method of the extension.  This is a shortcut for
         :meth:`attr` + :class:`jinja2.nodes.Call`.
         """
-        pass
+        if args is None:
+            args = []
+        if kwargs is None:
+            kwargs = []
+        return nodes.Call(self.attr(name, lineno=lineno), args, kwargs,
+                          dyn_args, dyn_kwargs, lineno=lineno)


 class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
@@ -132,14 +139,61 @@ class InternationalizationExtension(Extension):
     def _parse_block(self, parser: 'Parser', allow_pluralize: bool) ->t.Tuple[
         t.List[str], str]:
         """Parse until the next block tag with a given name."""
-        pass
+        plural = None
+        variables = []
+        while parser.stream.current.type != 'block_end':
+            if parser.stream.current.type == 'name' and \
+               parser.stream.current.value in ('plural', 'context'):
+                next(parser.stream)
+                if parser.stream.current.value == 'plural':
+                    if allow_pluralize:
+                        plural = parser.parse_expression()
+                    else:
+                        parser.fail('plural not allowed here', parser.stream.current.lineno)
+                else:
+                    variables.append(parser.parse_expression())
+            else:
+                variables.append(parser.parse_expression())
+        return variables, plural

     def _make_node(self, singular: str, plural: t.Optional[str], context: t
         .Optional[str], variables: t.Dict[str, nodes.Expr], plural_expr: t.
         Optional[nodes.Expr], vars_referenced: bool, num_called_num: bool
         ) ->nodes.Output:
         """Generates a useful node from the data provided."""
-        pass
+        func_name = 'gettext' if plural is None else 'ngettext'
+        if context is not None:
+            func_name = 'p' + func_name
+        
+        gettext_node = nodes.Call(
+            nodes.Name(func_name, 'load'),
+            [nodes.Const(singular)],
+            [],
+            None,
+            None
+        )
+        
+        if plural is not None:
+            gettext_node.args.append(nodes.Const(plural))
+        if context is not None:
+            gettext_node.args.insert(0, nodes.Const(context))
+        if plural_expr is not None:
+            gettext_node.args.append(plural_expr)
+        
+        if not vars_referenced:
+            return nodes.Output([gettext_node])
+        
+        result = []
+        for key, value in variables.items():
+            result.append(nodes.Assign(nodes.Name(key, 'store'), value))
+        
+        if plural_expr is not None:
+            result.append(nodes.Assign(nodes.Name('num', 'store'), plural_expr))
+        else:
+            result.append(nodes.Assign(nodes.Name('num', 'store'), nodes.Const(1)))
+        
+        result.append(nodes.Output([gettext_node]))
+        return nodes.Node(result)


 class ExprStmtExtension(Extension):
diff --git a/src/jinja2/filters.py b/src/jinja2/filters.py
index 9498dc3..65e08df 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/filters.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/filters.py
@@ -43,7 +43,9 @@ V = t.TypeVar('V')
 def ignore_case(value: V) ->V:
     """For use as a postprocessor for :func:`make_attrgetter`. Converts strings
     to lowercase and returns other types as-is."""
-    pass
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return value.lower()
+    return value


 def make_attrgetter(environment: 'Environment', attribute: t.Optional[t.
@@ -54,7 +56,21 @@ def make_attrgetter(environment: 'Environment', attribute: t.Optional[t.
     to access attributes of attributes.  Integer parts in paths are
     looked up as integers.
     """
-    pass
+    if attribute is None:
+        return lambda x: x
+    if isinstance(attribute, int):
+        return lambda x: environment.getitem(x, attribute)
+    if '.' not in attribute:
+        return lambda x: environment.getattr(x, attribute, default)
+    
+    def getter(x):
+        for part in attribute.split('.'):
+            if part.isdigit():
+                x = environment.getitem(x, int(part))
+            else:
+                x = environment.getattr(x, part, default)
+        return x if postprocess is None else postprocess(x)
+    return getter


 def make_multi_attrgetter(environment: 'Environment', attribute: t.Optional
@@ -70,12 +86,22 @@ def make_multi_attrgetter(environment: 'Environment', attribute: t.Optional

     Examples of attribute: "attr1,attr2", "attr1.inner1.0,attr2.inner2.0", etc.
     """
-    pass
+    if attribute is None:
+        return lambda x: [x]
+    
+    getters = [make_attrgetter(environment, attr.strip(), postprocess)
+               for attr in attribute.split(',')]
+    
+    def getter(x):
+        return [g(x) for g in getters]
+    return getter


 def do_forceescape(value: 't.Union[str, HasHTML]') ->Markup:
     """Enforce HTML escaping.  This will probably double escape variables."""
-    pass
+    if hasattr(value, '__html__'):
+        value = value.__html__()
+    return Markup(escape(str(value)))


 def do_urlencode(value: t.Union[str, t.Mapping[str, t.Any], t.Iterable[t.
@@ -95,7 +121,16 @@ def do_urlencode(value: t.Union[str, t.Mapping[str, t.Any], t.Iterable[t.

     .. versionadded:: 2.7
     """
-    pass
+    import urllib.parse
+    
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        return urllib.parse.quote(value, safe='/')
+    elif isinstance(value, t.Mapping):
+        return urllib.parse.urlencode(value)
+    elif isinstance(value, t.Iterable):
+        return urllib.parse.urlencode(list(value))
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("Expected string, mapping, or iterable")


 @pass_eval_context
diff --git a/src/jinja2/idtracking.py b/src/jinja2/idtracking.py
index a1d69ca..0f1a9ff 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/idtracking.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/idtracking.py
@@ -45,32 +45,40 @@ class FrameSymbolVisitor(NodeVisitor):
     def visit_Name(self, node: nodes.Name, store_as_param: bool=False, **
         kwargs: t.Any) ->None:
         """All assignments to names go through this function."""
-        pass
+        if node.ctx == 'store':
+            if store_as_param:
+                self.symbols.loads[node.name] = VAR_LOAD_PARAMETER
+            self.symbols.stores.add(node.name)
+        elif node.ctx == 'load':
+            self.symbols.refs[node.name] = self.symbols.loads.get(node.name, VAR_LOAD_UNDEFINED)

     def visit_Assign(self, node: nodes.Assign, **kwargs: t.Any) ->None:
         """Visit assignments in the correct order."""
-        pass
+        self.visit(node.node, **kwargs)
+        for target in node.target:
+            self.visit(target, **kwargs)

     def visit_For(self, node: nodes.For, **kwargs: t.Any) ->None:
         """Visiting stops at for blocks.  However the block sequence
         is visited as part of the outer scope.
         """
-        pass
+        self.visit(node.iter, **kwargs)
+        self.visit(node.target, store_as_param=True, **kwargs)

     def visit_AssignBlock(self, node: nodes.AssignBlock, **kwargs: t.Any
         ) ->None:
         """Stop visiting at block assigns."""
-        pass
+        self.visit(node.target, **kwargs)

     def visit_Scope(self, node: nodes.Scope, **kwargs: t.Any) ->None:
         """Stop visiting at scopes."""
-        pass
+        # We don't need to do anything here, as we're stopping at scopes

     def visit_Block(self, node: nodes.Block, **kwargs: t.Any) ->None:
         """Stop visiting at blocks."""
-        pass
+        # We don't need to do anything here, as we're stopping at blocks

     def visit_OverlayScope(self, node: nodes.OverlayScope, **kwargs: t.Any
         ) ->None:
         """Do not visit into overlay scopes."""
-        pass
+        # We don't need to do anything here, as we're not visiting into overlay scopes
diff --git a/src/jinja2/lexer.py b/src/jinja2/lexer.py
index 2281b7e..1d7e812 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/lexer.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/lexer.py
@@ -117,24 +117,39 @@ ignore_if_empty = frozenset([TOKEN_WHITESPACE, TOKEN_DATA, TOKEN_COMMENT,

 def describe_token(token: 'Token') ->str:
     """Returns a description of the token."""
-    pass
+    if token.type == 'name':
+        return token.value
+    return f'{token.type}'


 def describe_token_expr(expr: str) ->str:
     """Like `describe_token` but for token expressions."""
-    pass
+    if ':' in expr:
+        type, value = expr.split(':', 1)
+        if type == 'name':
+            return value
+        return f'{type}({value})'
+    return expr


 def count_newlines(value: str) ->int:
     """Count the number of newline characters in the string.  This is
     useful for extensions that filter a stream.
     """
-    pass
+    return len(newline_re.findall(value))


 def compile_rules(environment: 'Environment') ->t.List[t.Tuple[str, str]]:
     """Compiles all the rules from the environment into a list of rules."""
-    pass
+    e = re.escape
+    rules = [
+        ('comment', e(environment.comment_start_string)),
+        ('block', e(environment.block_start_string)),
+        ('variable', e(environment.variable_start_string)),
+        ('linestatement', e(environment.line_statement_prefix) if environment.line_statement_prefix else ''),
+        ('linecomment', e(environment.line_comment_prefix) if environment.line_comment_prefix else ''),
+    ]
+    return [(k, v) for k, v in rules if v]


 class Failure:
diff --git a/src/jinja2/meta.py b/src/jinja2/meta.py
index 37016c7..6f69091 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/meta.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/meta.py
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ class TrackingCodeGenerator(CodeGenerator):

     def enter_frame(self, frame: Frame) ->None:
         """Remember all undeclared identifiers."""
-        pass
+        self.undeclared_identifiers.update(frame.identifiers.undeclared)


 def find_undeclared_variables(ast: nodes.Template) ->t.Set[str]:
@@ -44,7 +44,9 @@ def find_undeclared_variables(ast: nodes.Template) ->t.Set[str]:
        :exc:`TemplateAssertionError` during compilation and as a matter of
        fact this function can currently raise that exception as well.
     """
-    pass
+    codegen = TrackingCodeGenerator(ast.environment)
+    codegen.visit(ast)
+    return codegen.undeclared_identifiers


 _ref_types = nodes.Extends, nodes.FromImport, nodes.Import, nodes.Include
@@ -68,4 +70,13 @@ def find_referenced_templates(ast: nodes.Template) ->t.Iterator[t.Optional[str]
     This function is useful for dependency tracking.  For example if you want
     to rebuild parts of the website after a layout template has changed.
     """
-    pass
+    def _visit(node):
+        if isinstance(node, _ref_types):
+            if isinstance(node.template, nodes.Const):
+                yield node.template.value
+            else:
+                yield None
+        for child in node.iter_child_nodes():
+            yield from _visit(child)
+    
+    return _visit(ast)
diff --git a/src/jinja2/nativetypes.py b/src/jinja2/nativetypes.py
index 9eae726..6d65c49 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/nativetypes.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/nativetypes.py
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import typing as t
+import sys
 from ast import literal_eval
 from ast import parse
 from itertools import chain
@@ -21,7 +22,16 @@ def native_concat(values: t.Iterable[t.Any]) ->t.Optional[t.Any]:

     :param values: Iterable of outputs to concatenate.
     """
-    pass
+    result = list(values)
+    if not result:
+        return None
+    if len(result) == 1:
+        return result[0]
+    
+    try:
+        return literal_eval(''.join(str(v) for v in result))
+    except (ValueError, SyntaxError):
+        return ''.join(str(v) for v in result)


 class NativeCodeGenerator(CodeGenerator):
@@ -46,7 +56,12 @@ class NativeTemplate(Template):
         with :func:`ast.literal_eval`, the parsed value is returned.
         Otherwise, the string is returned.
         """
-        pass
+        ctx = self.new_context(dict(*args, **kwargs))
+        try:
+            return self.environment.concat(self.root_render_func(ctx))
+        except Exception:
+            exc_info = sys.exc_info()
+            return self.environment.handle_exception(exc_info, True)


 NativeEnvironment.template_class = NativeTemplate
diff --git a/src/jinja2/nodes.py b/src/jinja2/nodes.py
index 4ec1d17..b444e6f 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/nodes.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/nodes.py
@@ -107,7 +107,9 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
         parameter or to exclude some using the `exclude` parameter.  Both
         should be sets or tuples of field names.
         """
-        pass
+        for name in self.fields:
+            if (exclude is None or name not in exclude) and (only is None or name in only):
+                yield name, getattr(self, name)

     def iter_child_nodes(self, exclude: t.Optional[t.Container[str]]=None,
         only: t.Optional[t.Container[str]]=None) ->t.Iterator['Node']:
@@ -115,20 +117,35 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
         over all fields and yields the values of they are nodes.  If the value
         of a field is a list all the nodes in that list are returned.
         """
-        pass
+        for field, item in self.iter_fields(exclude, only):
+            if isinstance(item, Node):
+                yield item
+            elif isinstance(item, list):
+                for n in item:
+                    if isinstance(n, Node):
+                        yield n

     def find(self, node_type: t.Type[_NodeBound]) ->t.Optional[_NodeBound]:
         """Find the first node of a given type.  If no such node exists the
         return value is `None`.
         """
-        pass
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            if isinstance(child, node_type):
+                return child
+            result = child.find(node_type)
+            if result is not None:
+                return result
+        return None

     def find_all(self, node_type: t.Union[t.Type[_NodeBound], t.Tuple[t.
         Type[_NodeBound], ...]]) ->t.Iterator[_NodeBound]:
         """Find all the nodes of a given type.  If the type is a tuple,
         the check is performed for any of the tuple items.
         """
-        pass
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            if isinstance(child, node_type):
+                yield child
+            yield from child.find_all(node_type)

     def set_ctx(self, ctx: str) ->'Node':
         """Reset the context of a node and all child nodes.  Per default the
@@ -136,15 +153,26 @@ class Node(metaclass=NodeType):
         most common one.  This method is used in the parser to set assignment
         targets and other nodes to a store context.
         """
-        pass
+        if hasattr(self, 'ctx'):
+            self.ctx = ctx
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            child.set_ctx(ctx)
+        return self

     def set_lineno(self, lineno: int, override: bool=False) ->'Node':
         """Set the line numbers of the node and children."""
-        pass
+        if not self.lineno or override:
+            self.lineno = lineno
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            child.set_lineno(lineno, override)
+        return self

     def set_environment(self, environment: 'Environment') ->'Node':
         """Set the environment for all nodes."""
-        pass
+        self.environment = environment
+        for child in self.iter_child_nodes():
+            child.set_environment(environment)
+        return self

     def __eq__(self, other: t.Any) ->bool:
         if type(self) is not type(other):
diff --git a/src/jinja2/optimizer.py b/src/jinja2/optimizer.py
index 53d50e4..ab86a53 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/optimizer.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/optimizer.py
@@ -17,10 +17,83 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:
 def optimize(node: nodes.Node, environment: 'Environment') ->nodes.Node:
     """The context hint can be used to perform an static optimization
     based on the context given."""
-    pass
+    optimizer = Optimizer(environment)
+    return optimizer.visit(node)


 class Optimizer(NodeTransformer):

     def __init__(self, environment: 't.Optional[Environment]') ->None:
         self.environment = environment
+
+    def visit_Const(self, node: nodes.Const) ->nodes.Node:
+        return node
+
+    def visit_List(self, node: nodes.List) ->nodes.Node:
+        for idx, item in enumerate(node.items):
+            node.items[idx] = self.visit(item)
+        return node
+
+    def visit_Dict(self, node: nodes.Dict) ->nodes.Node:
+        for idx, (key, value) in enumerate(node.items):
+            node.items[idx] = (self.visit(key), self.visit(value))
+        return node
+
+    def visit_BinExpr(self, node: nodes.BinExpr) ->nodes.Node:
+        node.left = self.visit(node.left)
+        node.right = self.visit(node.right)
+        if isinstance(node.left, nodes.Const) and isinstance(node.right, nodes.Const):
+            try:
+                if node.op == 'add':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value + node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'sub':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value - node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'mul':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value * node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'div':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value / node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'floordiv':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value // node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'mod':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value % node.right.value)
+                elif node.op == 'pow':
+                    return nodes.Const(node.left.value ** node.right.value)
+            except:
+                pass
+        return node
+
+    def visit_UnaryExpr(self, node: nodes.UnaryExpr) ->nodes.Node:
+        node.node = self.visit(node.node)
+        if isinstance(node.node, nodes.Const):
+            try:
+                if node.op == 'not':
+                    return nodes.Const(not node.node.value)
+                elif node.op == 'neg':
+                    return nodes.Const(-node.node.value)
+                elif node.op == 'pos':
+                    return nodes.Const(+node.node.value)
+            except:
+                pass
+        return node
+
+    def visit_CondExpr(self, node: nodes.CondExpr) ->nodes.Node:
+        node.test = self.visit(node.test)
+        node.expr1 = self.visit(node.expr1)
+        node.expr2 = self.visit(node.expr2)
+        if isinstance(node.test, nodes.Const):
+            if node.test.value:
+                return node.expr1
+            else:
+                return node.expr2
+        return node
+
+    def visit_Filter(self, node: nodes.Filter) ->nodes.Node:
+        node.node = self.visit(node.node)
+        for idx, arg in enumerate(node.args):
+            node.args[idx] = self.visit(arg)
+        for idx, (key, value) in enumerate(node.kwargs):
+            node.kwargs[idx] = (key, self.visit(value))
+        return node
+
+    def generic_visit(self, node: nodes.Node) ->nodes.Node:
+        return super().generic_visit(node)
diff --git a/src/jinja2/parser.py b/src/jinja2/parser.py
index 05ce33d..79113a2 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/parser.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/parser.py
@@ -47,7 +47,9 @@ class Parser:
         line number or last line number as well as the current name and
         filename.
         """
-        pass
+        if lineno is None:
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        raise exc(msg, lineno, self.name, self.filename)

     def fail_unknown_tag(self, name: str, lineno: t.Optional[int]=None
         ) ->'te.NoReturn':
@@ -55,26 +57,83 @@ class Parser:
         with a human readable error message that could help to identify
         the problem.
         """
-        pass
+        if lineno is None:
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        if self._tag_stack:
+            expected = f'Encountered unknown tag {name!r}. Jinja was looking for the following tags: {", ".join(reversed(self._tag_stack))}.'
+        else:
+            expected = f'Encountered unknown tag {name!r}.'
+        self.fail(expected, lineno)

     def fail_eof(self, end_tokens: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]]=None,
         lineno: t.Optional[int]=None) ->'te.NoReturn':
         """Like fail_unknown_tag but for end of template situations."""
-        pass
+        if end_tokens is None:
+            end_tokens = tuple()
+        if lineno is None:
+            lineno = self.stream.current.lineno
+        if self._tag_stack:
+            expected = f'Unexpected end of template. Jinja was looking for the following tags: {", ".join(reversed(self._tag_stack))}.'
+        elif end_tokens:
+            expected = f'Unexpected end of template. Jinja was looking for one of the following tokens: {", ".join(repr(x) for x in end_tokens)}.'
+        else:
+            expected = 'Unexpected end of template.'
+        self.fail(expected, lineno)

     def is_tuple_end(self, extra_end_rules: t.Optional[t.Tuple[str, ...]]=None
         ) ->bool:
         """Are we at the end of a tuple?"""
-        pass
+        if self.stream.current.type in ('variable_end', 'block_end', 'rparen'):
+            return True
+        elif extra_end_rules is not None:
+            return self.stream.current.test_any(*extra_end_rules)
+        return False

     def free_identifier(self, lineno: t.Optional[int]=None
         ) ->nodes.InternalName:
         """Return a new free identifier as :class:`~jinja2.nodes.InternalName`."""
-        pass
+        self._last_identifier += 1
+        rv = object.__new__(nodes.InternalName)
+        rv.name = f'fi{self._last_identifier}'
+        rv.lineno = lineno or self.stream.current.lineno
+        return rv

     def parse_statement(self) ->t.Union[nodes.Node, t.List[nodes.Node]]:
         """Parse a single statement."""
-        pass
+        token = self.stream.current
+        if token.type != 'name':
+            return self.parse_expression()
+        
+        if token.value in _statement_keywords:
+            if token.value == 'for':
+                return self.parse_for()
+            elif token.value == 'if':
+                return self.parse_if()
+            elif token.value == 'block':
+                return self.parse_block()
+            elif token.value == 'extends':
+                return self.parse_extends()
+            elif token.value == 'print':
+                return self.parse_print()
+            elif token.value == 'macro':
+                return self.parse_macro()
+            elif token.value == 'include':
+                return self.parse_include()
+            elif token.value == 'from':
+                return self.parse_from()
+            elif token.value == 'import':
+                return self.parse_import()
+            elif token.value == 'set':
+                return self.parse_set()
+            elif token.value == 'with':
+                return self.parse_with()
+            elif token.value == 'autoescape':
+                return self.parse_autoescape()
+        
+        if token.value in self.extensions:
+            return self.extensions[token.value](self)
+        
+        self.fail_unknown_tag(token.value)

     def parse_statements(self, end_tokens: t.Tuple[str, ...], drop_needle:
         bool=False) ->t.List[nodes.Node]:
@@ -87,7 +146,29 @@ class Parser:
         the call is the matched end token.  If this is not wanted `drop_needle`
         can be set to `True` and the end token is removed.
         """
-        pass
+        result = []
+        
+        # skip colon if present
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'colon':
+            self.stream.next()
+        
+        # check for block end
+        if self.stream.current.type == 'block_end':
+            self.stream.next()
+        
+        while self.stream.current.type != 'eof':
+            if self.stream.current.test_any(*end_tokens):
+                if drop_needle:
+                    self.stream.next()
+                break
+            
+            if self.stream.current.type == 'data':
+                result.append(nodes.Output([nodes.TemplateData(self.stream.current.value)]))
+                self.stream.next()
+            else:
+                result.append(self.parse_statement())
+        
+        return result

     def parse_set(self) ->t.Union[nodes.Assign, nodes.AssignBlock]:
         """Parse an assign statement."""
diff --git a/src/jinja2/runtime.py b/src/jinja2/runtime.py
index c88211d..b7d315c 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/runtime.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/runtime.py
@@ -43,17 +43,17 @@ def identity(x: V) ->V:
     """Returns its argument. Useful for certain things in the
     environment.
     """
-    pass
+    return x


 def markup_join(seq: t.Iterable[t.Any]) ->str:
     """Concatenation that escapes if necessary and converts to string."""
-    pass
+    return Markup('').join(escape(soft_str(v)) for v in seq)


 def str_join(seq: t.Iterable[t.Any]) ->str:
     """Simple args to string conversion and concatenation."""
-    pass
+    return ''.join(map(str, seq))


 def new_context(environment: 'Environment', template_name: t.Optional[str],
@@ -62,7 +62,14 @@ def new_context(environment: 'Environment', template_name: t.Optional[str],
     Optional[t.MutableMapping[str, t.Any]]=None, locals: t.Optional[t.
     Mapping[str, t.Any]]=None) ->'Context':
     """Internal helper for context creation."""
-    pass
+    parent = environment.make_globals(globals)
+    if vars is not None:
+        parent.update(vars)
+    if shared:
+        parent = parent.copy()
+    if locals:
+        parent.update(locals)
+    return Context(environment, parent, template_name, blocks)


 class TemplateReference:
@@ -116,7 +123,14 @@ class Context:
     def super(self, name: str, current: t.Callable[['Context'], t.Iterator[
         str]]) ->t.Union['BlockReference', 'Undefined']:
         """Render a parent block."""
-        pass
+        try:
+            blocks = self.blocks[name]
+            index = blocks.index(current) + 1
+            if index < len(blocks):
+                return BlockReference(name, self, blocks, index)
+        except (LookupError, ValueError):
+            pass
+        return self.environment.undefined(f'there is no parent block called {name!r}.', name='super')

     def get(self, key: str, default: t.Any=None) ->t.Any:
         """Look up a variable by name, or return a default if the key is
@@ -125,7 +139,10 @@ class Context:
         :param key: The variable name to look up.
         :param default: The value to return if the key is not found.
         """
-        pass
+        try:
+            return self[key]
+        except KeyError:
+            return default

     def resolve(self, key: str) ->t.Union[t.Any, 'Undefined']:
         """Look up a variable by name, or return an :class:`Undefined`
@@ -137,7 +154,10 @@ class Context:

         :param key: The variable name to look up.
         """
-        pass
+        rv = self.resolve_or_missing(key)
+        if rv is missing:
+            return self.environment.undefined(name=key)
+        return rv

     def resolve_or_missing(self, key: str) ->t.Any:
         """Look up a variable by name, or return a ``missing`` sentinel
@@ -149,18 +169,22 @@ class Context:

         :param key: The variable name to look up.
         """
-        pass
+        if key in self.vars:
+            return self.vars[key]
+        if key in self.parent:
+            return self.parent[key]
+        return missing

     def get_exported(self) ->t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
         """Get a new dict with the exported variables."""
-        pass
+        return {k: self.vars[k] for k in self.exported_vars}

     def get_all(self) ->t.Dict[str, t.Any]:
         """Return the complete context as dict including the exported
         variables.  For optimizations reasons this might not return an
         actual copy so be careful with using it.
         """
-        pass
+        return {**self.parent, **self.vars}

     @internalcode
     def call(__self, __obj: t.Callable[..., t.Any], *args: t.Any, **kwargs:
@@ -170,14 +194,25 @@ class Context:
         argument if the callable has :func:`pass_context` or
         :func:`pass_environment`.
         """
-        pass
+        if isinstance(__obj, _PassArg):
+            if __obj._type == 'context':
+                args = (__self,) + args
+            elif __obj._type == 'environment':
+                args = (__self.environment,) + args
+            return __obj._func(*args, **kwargs)
+        return __obj(*args, **kwargs)

     def derived(self, locals: t.Optional[t.Dict[str, t.Any]]=None) ->'Context':
         """Internal helper function to create a derived context.  This is
         used in situations where the system needs a new context in the same
         template that is independent.
         """
-        pass
+        context = new_context(self.environment, self.name, self.blocks,
+                              {**self.vars, **(locals or {})},
+                              True, self.globals_keys)
+        context.eval_ctx = self.eval_ctx
+        context.exported_vars = set(self.exported_vars)
+        return context
     keys = _dict_method_all(dict.keys)
     values = _dict_method_all(dict.values)
     items = _dict_method_all(dict.items)
diff --git a/src/jinja2/sandbox.py b/src/jinja2/sandbox.py
index b73a983..6803d85 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/sandbox.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/sandbox.py
@@ -35,7 +35,22 @@ def safe_range(*args: int) ->range:
     """A range that can't generate ranges with a length of more than
     MAX_RANGE items.
     """
-    pass
+    if len(args) == 1:
+        start, stop, step = 0, args[0], 1
+    elif len(args) == 2:
+        start, stop, step = args[0], args[1], 1
+    elif len(args) == 3:
+        start, stop, step = args
+    else:
+        raise TypeError('range() requires 1-3 integer arguments')
+    
+    # Calculate the length of the range
+    length = (stop - start + step - 1) // step
+    
+    if length > MAX_RANGE:
+        raise OverflowError(f'range() result has too many items (maximum is {MAX_RANGE})')
+    
+    return range(start, stop, step)


 def unsafe(f: F) ->F:
@@ -47,7 +62,8 @@ def unsafe(f: F) ->F:
         def delete(self):
             pass
     """
-    pass
+    f.unsafe_callable = True
+    return f


 def is_internal_attribute(obj: t.Any, attr: str) ->bool:
@@ -62,7 +78,14 @@ def is_internal_attribute(obj: t.Any, attr: str) ->bool:
     >>> is_internal_attribute(str, "upper")
     False
     """
-    pass
+    return attr.startswith('__') and attr.endswith('__') or \
+           attr.startswith('func_') or \
+           attr in UNSAFE_FUNCTION_ATTRIBUTES or \
+           attr in UNSAFE_METHOD_ATTRIBUTES or \
+           (isinstance(obj, (types.FunctionType, types.MethodType)) and attr in ('__globals__', '__closure__')) or \
+           (isinstance(obj, types.GeneratorType) and attr in UNSAFE_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES) or \
+           (isinstance(obj, types.CoroutineType) and attr in UNSAFE_COROUTINE_ATTRIBUTES) or \
+           (isinstance(obj, types.AsyncGeneratorType) and attr in UNSAFE_ASYNC_GENERATOR_ATTRIBUTES)


 def modifies_known_mutable(obj: t.Any, attr: str) ->bool:
@@ -84,7 +107,10 @@ def modifies_known_mutable(obj: t.Any, attr: str) ->bool:
     >>> modifies_known_mutable("foo", "upper")
     False
     """
-    pass
+    for typ, mutable_attrs in _mutable_spec:
+        if isinstance(obj, typ):
+            return attr in mutable_attrs
+    return False


 class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
@@ -120,7 +146,7 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
         special attributes of internal python objects as returned by the
         :func:`is_internal_attribute` function.
         """
-        pass
+        return not (attr.startswith('_') or is_internal_attribute(obj, attr))

     def is_safe_callable(self, obj: t.Any) ->bool:
         """Check if an object is safely callable. By default callables
@@ -129,7 +155,8 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
         This also recognizes the Django convention of setting
         ``func.alters_data = True``.
         """
-        pass
+        return not (getattr(obj, 'unsafe_callable', False) or
+                    getattr(obj, 'alters_data', False))

     def call_binop(self, context: Context, operator: str, left: t.Any,
         right: t.Any) ->t.Any:
@@ -139,7 +166,9 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):

         .. versionadded:: 2.6
         """
-        pass
+        if operator not in self.binop_table:
+            raise SecurityError(f'unsupported binary operator: {operator}')
+        return self.binop_table[operator](left, right)

     def call_unop(self, context: Context, operator: str, arg: t.Any) ->t.Any:
         """For intercepted unary operator calls (:meth:`intercepted_unops`)
@@ -148,22 +177,40 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):

         .. versionadded:: 2.6
         """
-        pass
+        if operator not in self.unop_table:
+            raise SecurityError(f'unsupported unary operator: {operator}')
+        return self.unop_table[operator](arg)

     def getitem(self, obj: t.Any, argument: t.Union[str, t.Any]) ->t.Union[
         t.Any, Undefined]:
         """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code."""
-        pass
+        try:
+            return obj[argument]
+        except (TypeError, LookupError):
+            if isinstance(argument, str):
+                try:
+                    return self.getattr(obj, argument)
+                except AttributeError:
+                    pass
+            return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=argument)

     def getattr(self, obj: t.Any, attribute: str) ->t.Union[t.Any, Undefined]:
         """Subscribe an object from sandboxed code and prefer the
         attribute.  The attribute passed *must* be a bytestring.
         """
-        pass
+        try:
+            value = getattr(obj, attribute)
+        except AttributeError:
+            return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=attribute)
+        else:
+            if self.is_safe_attribute(obj, attribute, value):
+                return value
+            return self.unsafe_undefined(obj, attribute)

     def unsafe_undefined(self, obj: t.Any, attribute: str) ->Undefined:
         """Return an undefined object for unsafe attributes."""
-        pass
+        return self.undefined(obj=obj, name=attribute, exc=SecurityError(
+            f'{attribute!r} is an unsafe attribute'))

     def format_string(self, s: str, args: t.Tuple[t.Any, ...], kwargs: t.
         Dict[str, t.Any], format_func: t.Optional[t.Callable[..., t.Any]]=None
@@ -171,12 +218,20 @@ class SandboxedEnvironment(Environment):
         """If a format call is detected, then this is routed through this
         method so that our safety sandbox can be used for it.
         """
-        pass
+        if format_func is None:
+            format_func = self.format_string
+        if isinstance(s, Markup):
+            formatter = SandboxedEscapeFormatter(self, format_func=format_func)
+        else:
+            formatter = SandboxedFormatter(self, format_func=format_func)
+        return formatter.vformat(s, args, kwargs)

     def call(__self, __context: Context, __obj: t.Any, *args: t.Any, **
         kwargs: t.Any) ->t.Any:
         """Call an object from sandboxed code."""
-        pass
+        if not __self.is_safe_callable(__obj):
+            raise SecurityError(f'{__obj!r} is not safely callable')
+        return __obj(*args, **kwargs)


 class ImmutableSandboxedEnvironment(SandboxedEnvironment):
diff --git a/src/jinja2/tests.py b/src/jinja2/tests.py
index 2823a4b..914a56d 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/tests.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/tests.py
@@ -11,17 +11,17 @@ if t.TYPE_CHECKING:

 def test_odd(value: int) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is odd."""
-    pass
+    return value % 2 != 0


 def test_even(value: int) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is even."""
-    pass
+    return value % 2 == 0


 def test_divisibleby(value: int, num: int) ->bool:
     """Check if a variable is divisible by a number."""
-    pass
+    return value % num == 0


 def test_defined(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -38,12 +38,12 @@ def test_defined(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     See the :func:`default` filter for a simple way to set undefined
     variables.
     """
-    pass
+    return not isinstance(value, Undefined)


 def test_undefined(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Like :func:`defined` but the other way round."""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, Undefined)


 @pass_environment
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ def test_filter(env: 'Environment', value: str) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 3.0
     """
-    pass
+    return value in env.filters


 @pass_environment
@@ -83,12 +83,12 @@ def test_test(env: 'Environment', value: str) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 3.0
     """
-    pass
+    return value in env.tests


 def test_none(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is none."""
-    pass
+    return value is None


 def test_boolean(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@ def test_boolean(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.11
     """
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, bool)


 def test_false(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ def test_false(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.11
     """
-    pass
+    return value is False


 def test_true(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -112,7 +112,7 @@ def test_true(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.11
     """
-    pass
+    return value is True


 def test_integer(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -120,7 +120,7 @@ def test_integer(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.11
     """
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, int)


 def test_float(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -128,22 +128,22 @@ def test_float(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.11
     """
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, float)


 def test_lower(value: str) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is lowercased."""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, str) and value.islower()


 def test_upper(value: str) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is uppercased."""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, str) and value.isupper()


 def test_string(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Return true if the object is a string."""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, str)


 def test_mapping(value: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -151,19 +151,19 @@ def test_mapping(value: t.Any) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.6
     """
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, abc.Mapping)


 def test_number(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is a number."""
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, Number)


 def test_sequence(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Return true if the variable is a sequence. Sequences are variables
     that are iterable.
     """
-    pass
+    return isinstance(value, abc.Sequence) and not isinstance(value, str)


 def test_sameas(value: t.Any, other: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -176,17 +176,21 @@ def test_sameas(value: t.Any, other: t.Any) ->bool:
             the foo attribute really is the `False` singleton
         {% endif %}
     """
-    pass
+    return value is other


 def test_iterable(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Check if it's possible to iterate over an object."""
-    pass
+    try:
+        iter(value)
+        return True
+    except TypeError:
+        return False


 def test_escaped(value: t.Any) ->bool:
     """Check if the value is escaped."""
-    pass
+    return hasattr(value, '__html__')


 def test_in(value: t.Any, seq: t.Container[t.Any]) ->bool:
@@ -194,7 +198,7 @@ def test_in(value: t.Any, seq: t.Container[t.Any]) ->bool:

     .. versionadded:: 2.10
     """
-    pass
+    return value in seq


 TESTS = {'odd': test_odd, 'even': test_even, 'divisibleby':
diff --git a/src/jinja2/utils.py b/src/jinja2/utils.py
index 7563812..9a4ac9c 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/utils.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/utils.py
@@ -32,7 +32,8 @@ def pass_context(f: F) ->F:
     .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
         Replaces ``contextfunction`` and ``contextfilter``.
     """
-    pass
+    f.jinja_pass_arg = _PassArg.context
+    return f


 def pass_eval_context(f: F) ->F:
@@ -48,7 +49,8 @@ def pass_eval_context(f: F) ->F:
     .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
         Replaces ``evalcontextfunction`` and ``evalcontextfilter``.
     """
-    pass
+    f.jinja_pass_arg = _PassArg.eval_context
+    return f


 def pass_environment(f: F) ->F:
@@ -60,7 +62,8 @@ def pass_environment(f: F) ->F:
     .. versionadded:: 3.0.0
         Replaces ``environmentfunction`` and ``environmentfilter``.
     """
-    pass
+    f.jinja_pass_arg = _PassArg.environment
+    return f


 class _PassArg(enum.Enum):
@@ -71,7 +74,8 @@ class _PassArg(enum.Enum):

 def internalcode(f: F) ->F:
     """Marks the function as internally used"""
-    pass
+    internal_code.add(f.__code__)
+    return f


 def is_undefined(obj: t.Any) ->bool:
@@ -86,7 +90,8 @@ def is_undefined(obj: t.Any) ->bool:
                 return default
             return var
     """
-    pass
+    from .runtime import Undefined
+    return isinstance(obj, Undefined)


 def consume(iterable: t.Iterable[t.Any]) ->None:
diff --git a/src/jinja2/visitor.py b/src/jinja2/visitor.py
index ebb34c6..54d7091 100644
--- a/src/jinja2/visitor.py
+++ b/src/jinja2/visitor.py
@@ -30,15 +30,19 @@ class NodeVisitor:
         exists for this node.  In that case the generic visit function is
         used instead.
         """
-        pass
+        method = 'visit_' + node.__class__.__name__
+        return getattr(self, method, None)

     def visit(self, node: Node, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) ->t.Any:
         """Visit a node."""
-        pass
+        f = self.get_visitor(node)
+        if f is None:
+            return self.generic_visit(node, *args, **kwargs)
+        return f(node, *args, **kwargs)

     def generic_visit(self, node: Node, *args: t.Any, **kwargs: t.Any) ->t.Any:
         """Called if no explicit visitor function exists for a node."""
-        pass
+        return node


 class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
@@ -57,4 +61,12 @@ class NodeTransformer(NodeVisitor):
         """As transformers may return lists in some places this method
         can be used to enforce a list as return value.
         """
-        pass
+        result = []
+        for child in node:
+            new_node = self.visit(child, *args, **kwargs)
+            if new_node is not None:
+                if isinstance(new_node, list):
+                    result.extend(new_node)
+                else:
+                    result.append(new_node)
+        return result